Neuroprotective Potential of Phytochemicals: Exploration of Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration.

Neurodegeneration is a progressive loss of neuronal structure and function. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and abnormal protein misfolding disrupt neural homeostasis leading to neurodegeneration. Phytochemicals have been used in the treatment of several diseases in the past. Epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, kaempferol, and resveratrol have shown their ability as neuroprotective agents in a number of preclinical studies. Similarly, gallic acid, ferulic acid, berberine, and apigenin exert neuroprotective effects via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These phytochemicals prevent neurodegeneration by targeting molecular pathways of neurodegeneration. Phytochemicals have been shown to reduce oxidative stress, restore mitochondrial function, regulate autophagy, and inhibit the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Abundant preclinical work has investigated the efficacy of phytochemicals as neurotherapeutic agents. Herein, we first detail the most prevalent neurodegenerative mechanisms and then explore the potential molecular mechanisms through which these phytochemicals act to alleviate the pathologies of neurodegeneration, thereby imparting neuroprotective effects. The review also sheds light on futuristic aspects of phytochemicals in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.