So, Is There Hope? Directions to Improving our Field: Conclusion to the Education Section.

Although the approach of pluralism within psychoanalysis seemed a solution to the interminable battles over theoretical differences that preceded it, it has been far from a panacea. In fact, psychoanalysis as a field and something to be educated in has become chaotic and fragmented. The authors who contributed to this Section on Psychoanalytic Education have suggested a number of paths forward. One path involves teaching candidates to think critically. A number of ways to do so are suggested: (a) always explaining the theoretical rationale underlying analytic interventions, (b) explicitly linking theoretical constructs with the clinical phenomena to which they refer; (c) using developmental research to evaluate different theoretical "psychoanalytic babies"; and (d) disciplined examination of key theoretical differences of opinion. In addition, Freud's writings can be used to promote thinking analytically and to consolidate an analytic identity. Finally, the value of developing a unified or integrated psychoanalytic model is endorsed.