Pharmacologic Management of Insomnia in Adults.

Insomnia is a common reason for patients to seek medical care. A careful history should be obtained to identify predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors contributing to sleep disturbance. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia is the first-line treatment for chronic insomnia, offering effectiveness with minimal risk, though access may be limited by availability. Pharmacologic therapy should ideally be reserved for short-term use and initiated only after setting clear expectations and considering potential risks. Evidence-based medication options include low-dose doxepin, melatonin receptor agonists, dual orexin receptor antagonists, and nonbenzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Ongoing follow-up is essential to monitor treatment response.