A sensorimotor instability drives a locomotor transition during fish development.

Animals rely on movement to survive-to explore their environment, find food and mates, and avoid danger. During development, changes in body shape, muscle strength, and physiological needs drive the continuous adjustment of locomotor patterns. How these changes are orchestrated in a flexible and adaptive manner remains unknown. We explore this question in Danionella cerebrum, a miniature freshwater fish that is emerging as an important vertebrate model in systems neuroscience. We identify a clear transition in locomotion, from continuous to burst-and-coast swimming occurring around 3 weeks of age. We demonstrate that this transition is an energy-saving strategy and that it reflects an instability in the sensorimotor process governing speed regulation. Rather than a preprogrammed developmental switch, it is therefore directly tied to the animal swimming strength. We confirmed this finding by manipulating sensory feedback to induce a similar transition at fixed developmental stages. Together, our results illustrate a dynamic interplay between body, brain, and environment during development, offering insights into the principles governing adaptive locomotion.