Review: Challenges and opportunities for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant livestock in the context of sustainable production in Asia.

Asia is the largest producer of cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats in the world, and these species are integral to smallholder livestock production systems, contributing significantly to food security, rural livelihoods, and greenhouse gas (GHG), especially methane (CH4), across the region. Livestock production in the region has increased rapidly due to population growth and shifts in diet towards animal products. This review outlines the latest information on ruminant GHG emissions and mitigation policies across diverse regions of Asia. Livestock production is dominated by China and India, which make a significant contribution to global CH4 emissions. Extensive grazing systems dominate in Central Asia. National policies, including the Methane Emissions Control Action Plan (2023), which is part of the national policies in China, the National Livestock Mission in India, and the 2030 reduction strategy in South Korea, aim at reducing CH4 by enhancing feeding and manure management, as well as digital technologies. Improving animal husbandry practices represents a fundamental and effective approach to reducing methane emissions while enhancing overall productivity. Strengthening feeding strategies, animal health management, and production efficiency can lower emission intensity and improve system sustainability. Plant extracts, direct-fed microbials and red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) have demonstrated promising outcomes in CH4 reduction through feed-based interventions. Despite technological developments, there are obstacles due to low-quality feed, indigenous breeds, and a lack of modernisation. In order to achieve low-emission livestock production in Asia, more investment, policy assistance, and regional cooperation are crucial.