Non-coding RNAs: cross-kingdom regulators of plant-virus-vector interactions in complex agroecosystems.

Plant viruses depend on insect vectors for dissemination in complex agroecosystems and often exploit plant and insect physiology to enhance transmission. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding cross-kingdom exchange of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as a central mechanism shaping plant-virus-vector interactions and broader agroecosystem dynamics. ncRNAs are exchanged among plants, insect vectors, and viruses via the phloem, insect saliva, and external plant surfaces through exudates. These molecules can suppress plant antiviral and anti-insect plant responses, modulate vector biology and behavior, and shape associated microbial communities, including endosymbionts and the plant microbiome. Despite rapid progress, key gaps remain in validating functional targets, identifying transport mechanisms, and demonstrating the ecological relevance of ncRNA exchange in agricultural and natural systems. Elucidating these processes will inform intervention strategies, including RNAi-based vector control and microbiome engineering approaches.