Frontiers in plant science · 2026
PMSPA-Net framework with geometric region decomposition for high-precision phenotyping of field-grown maize seedlings.
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Zhou Jing, Zou Wenlong, Wu Yushan, Yu Helong, Cui Mingren, Lu Jianyu, Hou Lixin, Tang Yijia, Gao Yudi, Wu Min, Ma Yuntao, Zhang Jian
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Accurate extraction of maize seedling phenotypes is essential for early growth assessment, yet field-grown seedlings exhibit complex backgrounds, non-rigid leaf deformation, self-occlusion, and adhered leaves that challenge three-dimensional point-cloud analysis.
METHODS: Here, we developed a workflow integrating PMSPA-Net, an enhanced PointNet++ model, with geometric region decomposition for semantic and organ-level segmentation of field-grown maize seedlings. Multi-view RGB images of 65 complete plants were reconstructed with OpenMVS, and all data were partitioned at the whole-plant level before point-block sampling. Fifteen plants were retained as a fixed independent test set, while the remaining samples were used for training and validation across three predefined random seeds.
RESULTS: Under a common protocol, PMSPA-Net outperformed PointNet, PointNet++, DGCNN, and RandLA-Net, achieving an mIoU of 0.8286 ± 0.0149, a macro-F1 of 0.8981 ± 0.0238, and a balanced accuracy of 0.9561 ± 0.0223. A four-configuration ablation study showed complementary gains from the multi-scale spatial pyramid attention module and IOA-based hyperparameter optimization. Geometric region decomposition also achieved more accurate and complete adhered-leaf separation than DBSCAN in three annotated cases. Point-cloud-derived leaf length and width agreed well with manual measurements.
DISCUSSION: This workflow demonstrates the feasibility of integrated semantic and organ-level phenotyping under the evaluated field conditions; validation across additional sites, developmental stages, and acquisition conditions is required before broader generalization.
METHODS: Here, we developed a workflow integrating PMSPA-Net, an enhanced PointNet++ model, with geometric region decomposition for semantic and organ-level segmentation of field-grown maize seedlings. Multi-view RGB images of 65 complete plants were reconstructed with OpenMVS, and all data were partitioned at the whole-plant level before point-block sampling. Fifteen plants were retained as a fixed independent test set, while the remaining samples were used for training and validation across three predefined random seeds.
RESULTS: Under a common protocol, PMSPA-Net outperformed PointNet, PointNet++, DGCNN, and RandLA-Net, achieving an mIoU of 0.8286 ± 0.0149, a macro-F1 of 0.8981 ± 0.0238, and a balanced accuracy of 0.9561 ± 0.0223. A four-configuration ablation study showed complementary gains from the multi-scale spatial pyramid attention module and IOA-based hyperparameter optimization. Geometric region decomposition also achieved more accurate and complete adhered-leaf separation than DBSCAN in three annotated cases. Point-cloud-derived leaf length and width agreed well with manual measurements.
DISCUSSION: This workflow demonstrates the feasibility of integrated semantic and organ-level phenotyping under the evaluated field conditions; validation across additional sites, developmental stages, and acquisition conditions is required before broader generalization.