Problem-, resources- and goals-oriented (PRoGO) approach in psychiatry: illustrated by the case of Ludwig II of Bavaria.

Mental health issues are dimensional in nature, yet both ICD-11 and DSM-5 are categorical classifications, leaving many patients not fitting into them. Using Bavaria’s “fairy-tale” king Ludwig II—whose diagnosis remains debated—as an example, we illustrate how the Problem-, Resources-, and Goal-Oriented (PRoGO) approach can lead to a better characterisation of patients and guide personalized treatment planning.