The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
Major dietary protein sources during pregnancy and obesity risk in mothers and offspring: A prospective cohort study.
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Zhang Hanyue, Zheng Miaobing, Halldórsson Þórhallur I, Olsen Sjurdur F, Simpson Stephen J, Raubenheimer David, Heitmann Berit L
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Maternal protein intake during pregnancy may influence long-term obesity risk in mothers and offspring, but the role of specific dietary protein sources remains unclear.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the associations of major dietary protein sources during pregnancy with maternal postpartum weight retention (PPWR) and offspring overweight/obesity, and to evaluate isocaloric substitution between sources.
METHODS: In 59,791 mothers from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996-2002), diet at 25 wk of gestation was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Log-binomial regression and isocaloric substitution models estimated adjusted relative risks (RRs) for maternal PPWR >5 kg at 6-18 mo postpartum and offspring overweight/obesity at ages 7-11 y.
RESULTS: Overall, 10,678 (22.1%) mothers had PPWR >5 kg, and 8287 (19.0%) offspring developed overweight/obesity. Comparing highest with lowest quintile of intake (% energy), higher total plant [RR: 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 0.91], grain (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.91), legume and nut (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), poultry (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.95), and fish protein (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95) were associated with lower maternal PPWR risk, whereas higher red meat protein intake with higher risk (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.17). For offspring overweight/obesity, higher total animal (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.19), red meat (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.13), and dairy protein (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17) were associated with higher risk, whereas poultry (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99) and fish protein (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99) with modestly lower risk. Replacing 1% of energy from total animal protein with plant protein, or from red meat or dairy protein with poultry, fish, or grain protein, was associated with 4%-6% lower maternal PPWR risk; corresponding substitutions with poultry or fish protein were associated with 3%-4% lower offspring risk.
CONCLUSIONS: During pregnancy, substituting poultry or fish protein for red meat or dairy protein was associated with lower risks of both maternal PPWR and offspring overweight/obesity, supporting consideration of protein source in food-based dietary guidance.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the associations of major dietary protein sources during pregnancy with maternal postpartum weight retention (PPWR) and offspring overweight/obesity, and to evaluate isocaloric substitution between sources.
METHODS: In 59,791 mothers from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996-2002), diet at 25 wk of gestation was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Log-binomial regression and isocaloric substitution models estimated adjusted relative risks (RRs) for maternal PPWR >5 kg at 6-18 mo postpartum and offspring overweight/obesity at ages 7-11 y.
RESULTS: Overall, 10,678 (22.1%) mothers had PPWR >5 kg, and 8287 (19.0%) offspring developed overweight/obesity. Comparing highest with lowest quintile of intake (% energy), higher total plant [RR: 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 0.91], grain (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.91), legume and nut (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), poultry (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.95), and fish protein (RR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95) were associated with lower maternal PPWR risk, whereas higher red meat protein intake with higher risk (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.17). For offspring overweight/obesity, higher total animal (RR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.19), red meat (RR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.13), and dairy protein (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.17) were associated with higher risk, whereas poultry (RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99) and fish protein (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99) with modestly lower risk. Replacing 1% of energy from total animal protein with plant protein, or from red meat or dairy protein with poultry, fish, or grain protein, was associated with 4%-6% lower maternal PPWR risk; corresponding substitutions with poultry or fish protein were associated with 3%-4% lower offspring risk.
CONCLUSIONS: During pregnancy, substituting poultry or fish protein for red meat or dairy protein was associated with lower risks of both maternal PPWR and offspring overweight/obesity, supporting consideration of protein source in food-based dietary guidance.