Phytochemical Characterization Using HPLC-DAD, Antiglycation Effect at Multiple Stages, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav: Experimental and Computational Studies.

Solanum elaeagnifolium has been utilized for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties to treat a range of conditions, including pain and inflammation. It possesses antibacterial, insecticidal, and molluscicidal properties as well. To investigate the pharmacological potential of the S. elaeagnifolium extract, in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies were used. Albumin denaturation, heat-induced anti-haemolytic action, and lipooxygenase inhibition were the three techniques used to test anti-inflammatory effectiveness. The phenolic chemicals utilized were identified through the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effectiveness of the extract in lowering problems connected to diabetes was further evaluated by evaluating fructosamines, carbonyl groups, and β-amyloid formations in albumin glycation. Regarding in vivo studies, the Writhing test and the tail flick test were the two techniques used to evaluate analgesic activity. For docking analysis, we used the following identifiers: cyclooxygenase (PDB ID: 6COX), lipooxygenase (PDB ID: 3V99) and VC1 domain of the receptor for advanced glycation products (PDB ID: 7LMW). The most prevalent phenolic chemicals, according to HPLC analysis, were 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (4.78%), caffeic acid (1.28%), gallic acid (8.18%), ursolic acid (2.6%), syringic acid (1.78%), quercetin (24.09%), catechin (6.67%), and p-coumaric acid (20.49%). Significant suppression of albumin glycation and fructosamine production was demonstrated by the extract, indicating that it may help lessen difficulties associated with diabetes. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated a strong anti-inflammatory impact, with an IC50 of 146 ± 1.17 μg/mL for lipooxygenase inhibition, 87.64 ± 5.35 μg/mL for anti-haemolytic action, and 86.94 ± 1.63 μg/mL for albumin denaturation inhibition. A similar analgesic effect to those of analgesic medications was also demonstrated by SEFE extract. Reinforcing the relevance of the observed effects, the in silico study of the tested activities validated these findings. These findings indicate significant pharmacological promise in the management of diabetes consequences, including inflammation and protein glycation, as well as an analgesic.