External force to live long and prosper: A passive exercise classification framework.

• A standardized definition for “passive exercise” has not been adopted in the current literature. • We provide an operational definition of passive exercise as planned, structured, and repetitive passive movements designed to promote specific physical, cognitive, or health outcomes. • We identify passive exercise modalities that might facilitate more cost-effective and individually tailored interventions supporting brain health. • We explain how passive exercise differs from passive movement and that passive exercise can be further classified into distinct categories.