PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2023
Shoulder structures and strength in competitive preadolescent swimmers: A longitudinal ultrasonographic study.
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Özçadırcı Aykut, Doğan Yahya, Öztürk Ferhat, Cinemre Şükrü Alpan, Coşkun Gürsoy, Özçakar Levent
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Repetitive shoulder movements during competitive training may cause changes in the strength of periarticular shoulder structures in preadolescent swimmers.
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the effects of training on shoulder periarticular structures and muscle strength in preadolescent swimmers.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
SETTING: Community-based natatorium.
PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four preadolescent swimmers aged 10-12 years.
INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements were repeated in three periods as preseason, midseason, and postseason. Ultrasonographic measurements (supraspinatus tendon thickness, humeral head cartilage thickness, deltoid muscle thickness, and acromiohumeral distance) were performed using a portable device and a linear probe. Shoulder (flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation) and back (serratus anterior, lower, and middle trapezius) isometric muscle strength were measured with a handheld dynamometer.
RESULTS: Supraspinatus tendon thickness and acromiohumeral distance were similar in all periods (all p > .05); however, deltoid muscle and humeral head cartilage thicknesses increased throughout the season (p = .002, p = .008, respectively). Likewise, whereas shoulder muscle strength increased (all p < .05), back muscle strength was similar in all periods (all p > .05).
CONCLUSIONS: In preadolescent swimmers, acromiohumeral distance and supraspinatus tendon thickness seem to not change; but humeral head cartilage and deltoid muscle thicknesses as well as shoulder muscle strength increase throughout the season.
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the effects of training on shoulder periarticular structures and muscle strength in preadolescent swimmers.
DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
SETTING: Community-based natatorium.
PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four preadolescent swimmers aged 10-12 years.
INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements were repeated in three periods as preseason, midseason, and postseason. Ultrasonographic measurements (supraspinatus tendon thickness, humeral head cartilage thickness, deltoid muscle thickness, and acromiohumeral distance) were performed using a portable device and a linear probe. Shoulder (flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation) and back (serratus anterior, lower, and middle trapezius) isometric muscle strength were measured with a handheld dynamometer.
RESULTS: Supraspinatus tendon thickness and acromiohumeral distance were similar in all periods (all p > .05); however, deltoid muscle and humeral head cartilage thicknesses increased throughout the season (p = .002, p = .008, respectively). Likewise, whereas shoulder muscle strength increased (all p < .05), back muscle strength was similar in all periods (all p > .05).
CONCLUSIONS: In preadolescent swimmers, acromiohumeral distance and supraspinatus tendon thickness seem to not change; but humeral head cartilage and deltoid muscle thicknesses as well as shoulder muscle strength increase throughout the season.