Adjuvant and neoadjuvant use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in NSCLC.

The neoadjuvant and adjuvant use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is increasing, with pembrolizumab approved as adjuvant therapy following surgical resection and chemotherapy by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in early 2023. However, clinical trials of these agents have several key limitations including the use of surrogate endpoints that have not been validated and a lack of demonstrated survival benefit. Further data supporting the benefits of ICIs in this setting are necessary to justify their use at the cost of greater financial burdens, time, and adverse effects.