Emotional behavior during the learning of a contingency task in a chimpanzee.

A female chimpanzee's behavior was videotaped during the learning of contingency tasks and used to code her facial expressions, vocal expressions, and other behavior. The chimpanzee showed negative emotional behaviors to negative feedback and seemed to depend not only on the lack of food as reward. The most negative emotional situation for the chimpanzee seemed to be one in which she made an error.