Hantavirus infections.

Hantaviruses are the causative agents of the zoonotic diseases known as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas. These pathogens are maintained in the wild by rodent reservoirs and are mainly transmitted via the aerosol route. The infection is chronic and apparently asymptomatic in host animals. Whilst HFRS is caused by Hantaan, Seoul, Dobrava and Puumala hantaviruses, HPS is associated with Sin Nombre-like viruses. Common clinical features of HFRS and HPS include fever, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and a capillary leak syndrome associated with shock in most severe cases. Outbreaks of HFRS and HPS are generally observed during years with dense rodent populations resulting from favourable climatic and environmental conditions. Human activities, such as rodent trapping, farming, cleaning rodent-infested areas, construction work, camping and hunting, are also implicated in the occurrence of hantavirus disease. Prophylactic measures in endemic areas rely essentially on information campaigns and rodent control.