Acoustic modulation of fungal friends and foes.

Targeted acoustic stimulation can modulate fungal growth, metabolism, and molecular activity. It offers a promising route to influence fungal performance in agriculture, biotechnology, ecosystem restoration, and medicine. In this opinion article, we review studies showing that acoustic waves can either enhance or suppress fungal processes depending on species and acoustic parameters. Proposed mechanisms include activation of mechanosensitive membrane channels, calcium signalling, and shifts in the pentose phosphate pathway and coenzyme A biosynthetic pathways. Responses vary widely, yet this variation may create opportunities to tailor species- and industry-specific applications. Progress will accelerate with more consistent reporting of acoustic settings, exposure conditions, and fungal traits, thereby improving repeatability and comparability. Acoustic modulation represents an emerging, versatile tool with substantial potential to modulate fungal activity.