Ecology and evolution · 2026

Only One Percent of Important Shark and Ray Areas in the Western Indian Ocean Are Fully Protected From Fishing Pressure.

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Cochran Jesse E M, Charles Ryan, Temple Andrew J, Kyne Peter M, García-Rodríguez Emiliano, Gonzalez-Pestana Adriana, Batlle-Morera Amanda, Mouton Théophile L, Armstrong Asia O, Rohner Christoph A, Coker Darren J, Hardenstine Royale S, Kattan Alexander, McIvor Ashlie J, Peinemann Viktor Nunes, O'Toole Kaitlyn A, Palm Lea, Richardson Eloise B, Akhilesh Kalli Valappil, Ali Abedi Haleh, Almealla Reem K, Almojil Dareen, Andrzejaczek Samantha, Askin Arzucan N, Banerjee Avik A, Bargahi Hamid R, Barnes Alissa J, Barteneva-Vitry Svetlana, Behzadi Siamak, Bein Aymeric, Bennett Rhett H, Bocchi Filippo, Boldrocchi Ginevra, Braulik Gill T, Braun Camrin D, Brighton Eleanor, Budd Frances K P, Bullock Robert W, Canovas Perez Clara, Carlisle Aaron B, Carpenter Michelle, Chapple Taylor K, Chaúca Isabel, Cliff Geremy, Crochelet Estelle, Cullain Nakia, Curnick David J, Daly Ryan, de Necker Leigh, Diamant Stella, Donati Giulia F A, Ebert David A, Eid Ehab, Elhassa Igbal S, Elston Chantel, Everett Bernadine I, Farrag Mahmoud M S, Fassbender Nico, Fennessy Sean T, Fernando Stela M C, Finucci Brittany, Flam Anna L, Gausman Peter, Gauthier Arnault R G, Sreekanth Giri Bhavan, Gupta Trisha, Hafeez Meral, Hagy Badrú N, Haines Jessica L A, Harris Joanna L, Harvey-Carroll Jessica, Hempson Tessa N, Hilbourne Simon T, Hsu Hua Hsun, Ibrahim Nor D, Jacoby David M P, Jaquemet Sébastien, Babu K K Idrees, Karnad Divya, Kaunda-Arara Boaz, Kizhakudan Shoba J, Kock Alison A, Koester Anna, Kuboja Bigeyo N, Kuguru Baraka L, Lea James S E, Mahadalle Omar, Manjebrayakath Hashim, Mason-Parker Christophe, Mateos-Molina Daniel, Menon Muktha, Moore Alec B M, Mourier Johann, Murra Taryn S, Nakhawa Ajay D, Nazurally Nadeem, Nelso Lauren E, Nevill John E G, Olbers Jennifer M, Ostrovski Raquel L, Peel Lauren R, Perisic Nathan, Peterson Bradley, Pierce Simon J, Pittman Simon J, Rahangdale Shikha, Rambahiniarison Joshua, Rastgoo Ali Reza, Rezaie-Atagholipour Mohsen, Robinson David P, Samoilys Melita A, Sawers Tamaryn J, Scannell Brittney J, Schmidt Jennifer V, Silva Isabel M, Silva Luis, Solonomenjanahary Jadiyde, Spaet Julia L Y, Stevens Guy M W, Strike Elspeth M, Thomas Sujitha, van Beuningen David, Venables Stephanie K, Vossgaetter Lennart, Weideli Ornella C, Williams Ivor D, Williams Collin T, Willson Andrew J, Wilson Livi, Zareer Irthisham H, Zerr Kaitlyn M, Berumen Michael L, Jabado Rima W

Аннотация

The Western Indian Ocean (WIO) is known for its high diversity of chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and chimaeras). However, intense fishing pressure has led to severe population declines and local extinctions of several species. The Important Shark and Ray Area (ISRA) process is a collaborative, evidence-based approach used to identify critical habitat for chondrichthyans. We analysed ISRAs across the WIO to quantify the diversity of research methods used to identify them, evaluate spatial overlap with designated marine protected areas (MPAs), model the influence of several species- and jurisdiction-specific variables on ISRA delineation, and explore the importance of incorporating unpublished data into the delineation process. In total, 125 ISRAs (covering > 2.8 million km2; ~10% of total regional surface area) were identified within the WIO from surface waters to ~2000 m depth. These ISRAs contain over one-third (n = 104, 39%) of the 270 chondrichthyan species reported from the region, with 76% being threatened with extinction according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The underlying evidence supporting ISRA identification was primarily drawn from relatively inexpensive research methods, such as visual census (25%) or fish-market/landing site surveys (22.6%), as well as citizen science (9.5%). Incorporating unpublished records substantially increased the frequency of ISRA delineation, leading to expanded taxonomic and geographic coverage. Still, the full dataset was influenced by the same biases as the published record, tending to favour large-bodied, wide-ranging, and shallow-dwelling species. Only 7.1% of ISRAs are within designated MPAs, with just 1.2% in fully protected no-take areas. The highest no-take overlap occurs in the Seychelles and Chagos Archipelago. These findings highlight the shortfalls in spatial protection of chondrichthyan habitats, but also present a strategic opportunity for policy-makers and resource managers to improve current MPA coverage and meet their commitments under international agreements, such as the Global Biodiversity Framework.

Only One Percent of Important Shark and Ray Areas in the Western Indian Ocean Are Fully Protected From Fishing Pressure.

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