AhR in biological processes of adipocytes and lipid metabolism in obesity: Friend and foe.

Although the molecular mechanisms underlying dysregulation in adipocyte biological processes and lipid metabolism during obesity have been extensively studied, the limited therapeutic strategies developed thus far suggest that additional critical mechanisms influence obesity progression. Initially identified as a key mediator of environmental pollutant toxicity, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has garnered widespread attention in cancer and immune diseases due to its immunomodulatory functions. Recent studies have also revealed its involvement in metabolic disorders such as obesity. Notably, similar to findings in other diseases, AhR exerts complex and context-dependent roles in adipocyte biology and lipid metabolism during obesity. Based on a comprehensive review of the AhR signaling pathway, this manuscript systematically examines the roles of AhR in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, as well as thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. The objective is to elucidate the pathophysiological contributions of AhR to obesity development and progression, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for mechanistic investigations and therapeutic interventions targeting obesity.