Indian journal of public health · 2025
Stigma, HIV Risk Behavior, and HIV Seropositivity among Hijra and Transgender in India: Insights from Integrated Biological and Behavioral Surveillance.
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Thakur Nishakar, Jha Shreya, Rai Sanjay K, Kant Shashi, Kalaivani Mani, Goswami Kiran, Misra Puneet, Haldar Partha, Raj Yujwal, Venkatesh Srinivas
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The hijra and transgender (H/TG) persons have enhanced risk of HIV infection.
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore whether there were any associations between stigma, HIV risk behaviors, and HIV seropositivity among H/TG persons in India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 4966 H/TG participants, from the national integrated biological and behavioral surveillance survey conducted in 2014-2015 focusing on experiences of stigma from family, friends, and healthcare settings. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to calculate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval, to assess the association if any, between stigma, HIV risk behaviors, and HIV seropositivity among H/TG persons in India.
RESULTS: Nearly half of the participants reported experiencing stigma from social circles, whereas a significant proportion faced stigma in healthcare setting. The stigma was associated with HIV risk behaviors such as inconsistent condom use, substance use, and lower HIV knowledge. We did not find a direct association between stigma and HIV seropositivity, suggesting that while stigma influences behaviors, its impact on actual HIV infection rates may be more nuanced.
CONCLUSIONS: There was a need for targeted interventions to address stigma faced by H/TG from their social circle and also in healthcare setting.
OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore whether there were any associations between stigma, HIV risk behaviors, and HIV seropositivity among H/TG persons in India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 4966 H/TG participants, from the national integrated biological and behavioral surveillance survey conducted in 2014-2015 focusing on experiences of stigma from family, friends, and healthcare settings. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to calculate the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval, to assess the association if any, between stigma, HIV risk behaviors, and HIV seropositivity among H/TG persons in India.
RESULTS: Nearly half of the participants reported experiencing stigma from social circles, whereas a significant proportion faced stigma in healthcare setting. The stigma was associated with HIV risk behaviors such as inconsistent condom use, substance use, and lower HIV knowledge. We did not find a direct association between stigma and HIV seropositivity, suggesting that while stigma influences behaviors, its impact on actual HIV infection rates may be more nuanced.
CONCLUSIONS: There was a need for targeted interventions to address stigma faced by H/TG from their social circle and also in healthcare setting.