More than an Acquaintance Less than a Friend: Fringeships in Everyday Life.

Loneliness is a pressing global health crisis. A combination of close and not close ties (i.e., weak ties) is optimal to combat loneliness and improve psychological and physical health. The literature has not differentiated among weak ties, however. We identify possible categories of weak ties along a spectrum from passing strangers to the edge of friendship. We propose that one type of weak tie, which we term "fringeships," may provide unique benefits for well-being compared to other weak ties. Fringeships sit on the edge of close ties and are characterized by: a) regular contact in specific settings; b) volitional and mutual recognition of the connection; c) freedom from obligations that characterize close ties or formalities that characterize many types of weak ties; and d) a degree of shared affection and fondness. Fringeships engage in a balance of small talk and personal disclosure. We speculate on the potential benefits of fringeships, the contexts in which they are likely to arise, and individual differences in the propensity to develop them. We discuss potential interventions for the development of fringeships, particularly for those most in need of social contact. We conclude with research questions to launch this Next Big Idea.