Cognitive and behavioral impairment may influence shared care planning and treatment decisions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons, often accompanied by cognitive and/or behavioral impairments. Shared Care Planning (SCP) involves a collaborative decision-making process, playing a key role in aligning medical treatments with patient values. This study aimed to investigate potential associations between neuropsychological impairment and treatment decisions in ALS patients. Methods: We included 118 ALS patients who had completed at least the cognitive section of the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS). As part of routine clinical practice, patients were invited to participate in Shared Care Planning (SCP) discussions regarding key medical interventions, namely noninvasive ventilation (NIV), artificial nutrition via PEG/RIG, and tracheostomy. Results: SCP discussions were initiated with 78% of patients. NIV was accepted by 96% of patients, PEG/RIG by 63.9% and tracheostomy by 17.8%. Patients who accepted PEG/RIG were more frequently female (p = 0.047) and had significantly lower adjusted scores on the total ECAS (p = 0.027), ALS-specific domains (p = 0.020), verbal fluency (p = 0.012), and semantic fluency (p = 0.042), compared to those who refused PEG/RIG. Acceptance of tracheostomy was more common among younger patients (p < 0.001) and those with cognitive or behavioral impairments (p = 0.014). Binary logistic regression analysis, using tracheostomy acceptance as the dependent variable and age, sex, and Strong's diagnostic categories as independent variables, revealed a significant association with age (p = 0.002) and with certain Strong's categories, particularly ALS with combined cognitive and behavioral impairment (ALS-CBI) (p = 0.031). Conclusions: Cognitive and behavioral impairment appeared to increase the likelihood of consenting to invasive treatments in ALS patients.