Pain Self-Management Behaviors in Breast Cancer Survivors Six Months Post-Primary Treatment: A Mixed-Methods, Descriptive Study.

Background/Objectives: One-third of breast cancer (BC) survivors experience chronic treatment-related pain (CTP) that requires multimodal management strategies, which may include pain self-management behaviors (PSMBs). Most studies exploring PSMBs focus on patients with advanced cancer, who may differ from survivors in their pain management needs and access to resources. This mixed-methods study explored PSMBs of survivors of BC, referral sources, and goals for pain relief, and examined the relationship between PSMB engagement and pain intensity/interference. Methods: Survivors of BC who were six months post-treatment completed measures assessing their pain intensity/interference and PSMB engagement. Purposive sampling identified a subset of participants who completed interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants (n = 60) were 60 ± 10 years old. Worst Pain Intensity and Pain Interference were 3.93 ± 2.36 and 2.09 ± 2.11, respectively. Participants engaged in 7 ± 3.5 PSMBs. The most common were walking (76%) and distraction (76%). PSMBs described in the interviews (n = 10) were arm stretching and strengthening exercises, seeking specialized pain management services, and avoidance. Most PSMBs were self-directed or suggested by friends. All pain relief goals were to minimize pain interference. PSMB engagement was not associated with Worst, Least, or Average Pain Intensity (all rs ≤ -0.2, p ≥ 0.05) but was associated with Pain Interference (rs = 0.3, p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: The survivors of BC engaged in many PSMBs, with varying levels of effectiveness and a varying quality of supporting evidence. Most PSMBs were self-directed and some required intervention from healthcare providers or other people, while others required access to limited specialized pain management services.