Psychological Distress Among Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Conceptual Analysis.

BACKGROUND

Psychological distress is a common problem that occurs in advanced cancer patients; however, the concept has not been sufficiently specified or clearly described.

OBJECTIVE

To develop succinct understanding of psychological distress among advanced cancer patients.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted using the CINAHL, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases from 1988 to 2018. The analysis used the 8 steps of concept analysis developed by Walker and Avant. The final articles selected focused on definitions, predictors, determinant factors, and measurements of psychological distress in advanced cancer.

RESULTS

Analysis identified that psychological distress in terms of advanced cancer has 5 defining attributes: (1) anxiety, (2) depression, (3) death anxiety, (4) demoralization, and (5) a perceived inability to cope effectively. The primary antecedent is treatment complexity. The consequences are acceptance and living in the present positively, lower performance status, poor quality of life, suicide, and hastened death.

CONCLUSIONS

This concept analysis clarifies the meaning of the concept and differentiates the concept of psychological distress from other emotional symptoms that advanced cancer patients commonly experience. It provides clarity in meaning by examining various ways the concept is used in the area of nursing.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The identified attributes of psychological distress play vital roles in nursing assessments and should be used as guidance for nurses to provide appropriate nursing care for advanced cancer patients. Interventions should address antecedents and consequences of the concept and consider individuals as persons with unique characteristics.