Influence of specimen treatment on nonreactive HTLV-III sera.

We investigated effects of specimen treatment on HTLV-III antibody assay results. Freezing and thawing specimens 10 times did not increase specimen mean absorbance (A) values measured by the Abbott immunoenzymometric assay (IEMA). Heating blood donor serum specimens at 56 degrees C for at least 10 min inactivates virus, but converted 7.1% of nonreactive specimens to positive when measured by this IEMA. Also heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min increased A values of most specimens; however, the conversion to positive within assay ranged from 0 to 75%, with a mean of 17%. When 56 nonreactive patient specimens were heated, 55% became Abbott IEMA reactive, although ENI IEMA values did not increase and Western blot results remained nonreactive. Binding of immunoglobulins G and A to Abbott IEMA beads did not cause this conversion after heat treatment. We postulate that heating specimens causes alteration of some serum matrices and introduces nonspecific binding to assay bead antigen or antibody reagents. We recommend that for the Abbott IEMA, specimens may be stored frozen, and must not be heated to avoid altered reactivity.