Behavioral approaches for reducing agitation in residents of long-term-care facilities: critical review and suggestions for future research.

Many residents in long-term-care facilities demonstrate agitated behaviors. Research on behavioral approaches for reducing agitation in nursing home residents has been conducted during the past 25 years. This research is critically reviewed in this article and suggestions for future research are offered. Empirical evidence suggests that behavioral approaches are effective. Antecedent control strategies have been shown to reduce physically nonaggressive behaviors. Both aggressive and verbally agitated behaviors have been successfully treated by manipulating reinforcing consequences of these behaviors. Future research in this area needs to test behavioral treatments using randomized group designs, compare behavioral interventions to other treatments used alone or in combination, specify criteria for clinically significant improvement, diversify and ascertain the validity of assessment methods, and verify the maintenance of treatment effects over relatively long follow-up periods.