Morphological and Thermographic Factors of the Lower Limbs Before Competition and Their Impact on Performance at the Spanish National Cross Country Championships.

INTRODUCTION

Cross-country running performance is influenced by a complex interaction of physiological, biomechanical, and morphological factors. Recently, infrared thermography (IRT) has emerged as a non-invasive method to assess skin temperature (TSK) and detect potential asymmetries associated with neuromuscular status, fatigue, and injury risk. However, limited evidence exists regarding its relationship with competitive performance in endurance athletes.

METHODS

An observational study, conducted with STROBE guidelines, included 24 national-level cross-country athletes competing in the 2026 Spanish National Championships. Pre-competition assessments comprised bilateral thermographic analysis of the anterior and posterior thigh and leg regions, alongside some anthropometric measurements (thigh and leg circumferences) following ISAK standards. Performance was evaluated using official race times. Independent t-tests and linear regression models were applied to assess sex differences and associations between variables.

RESULTS

No significant sex differences were observed in thigh circumference, whereas males presented significantly greater leg volume (right p = 0.020; left p = 0.042). Thermographic analysis showed no differences in bilateral thermal asymmetry (ΔTSK) between sex quadriceps (p = 0.077), hamstrings (p = 0.695), shins (p = 0.510), and calves (p = 0.194); however, higher absolute temperatures were observed in males in specific thigh regions (right anterior p = 0.039, right posterior p = 0.015, left posterior p = 0.020). Males achieved significantly faster race times during the first four laps, t1 (p ≤ 0.001), t2 (p = 0.002), t3 (p = 0.002), and t4 (p = 0.008), but there was no difference in the fifth lap, t5 (p = 0.179). Statistically significant correlations were observed between temperature differences in the various anatomical regions and competition results during the first four laps, in three of the four regions analyzed (anterior thigh p = 0.035, posterior thigh p = 0.010, anterior leg p ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Pre-competition thermal asymmetry of the lower limbs appears to be negatively associated with endurance performance, potentially reflecting suboptimal neuromuscular status or incomplete recovery. IRT represents a practical and sensitive tool for monitoring athletes' physiological readiness.