Acute Biochemical Responses to Competitive Tournament Load in Female Handball Players: Hormonal, Inflammatory and Muscle Damage Markers.

BACKGROUND

Congested tournament schedules impose substantial physiological stress in team sports; however, the integrated endocrine and inflammatory responses to real competitive match load in female handball players remain insufficiently characterized.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to characterize the acute biochemical responses, including hormonal, inflammatory, muscle damage, and bone metabolism markers, elicited by competitive tournament load in female handball players and to provide practical insights for optimizing recovery strategies and load management during short-term competitive periods.

METHODS

In a pre-post study design, venous blood samples were collected from competitive female athletes (n = 8; age 20.83 ± 2.93 years) before the first match and after the fourth consecutive match of an official university qualification tournament. Biochemical analyses included cortisol, insulin, IL-6, creatine kinase (CK), IGF-1, irisin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), osteocalcin, and testosterone. Pre-to-post changes were assessed using paired t-tests and effect sizes.

RESULTS

Tournament load induced substantial multisystem physiological perturbations. Significant increases were observed in cortisol (p < 0.001), insulin (p = 0.044), IL-6 (p < 0.001), CK (p < 0.001), and osteocalcin (p = 0.005), indicating activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, systemic inflammation, muscle membrane disruption, and enhanced bone turnover. Conversely, IGF-1 (p < 0.001) and testosterone (p = 0.004) significantly decreased, reflecting suppression of anabolic signaling and a shift toward a catabolic hormonal environment under cumulative match stress. LDH significantly decreased (p = 0.002), while irisin showed no significant change (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings demonstrate that congested tournament schedules provoke an integrated endocrine-inflammatory stress response in female handball players. Importantly, the observed anabolic-catabolic imbalance highlights the need for individualized recovery strategies, optimized load management, and adequate recovery periods to mitigate maladaptation and reduce injury risk during short-term competitive tournaments.