Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Physics-Informed Design and Bench/Phantom Validation of a Shaft-Compatible 13.56 MHz NFC System for Laparoscopic Colorectal Tumour Localisation.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Mocan Bogdan, Mocan Mihaela, Fulea Mircea, Murar Mircea, Mate Zsolt, Calborean Adrian, Bintintan Vasile V
Аннотация
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Accurate intraoperative tumour localisation remains challenging in minimally invasive colorectal surgery because tactile palpation is lost and conventional markers can migrate or provide imprecise localisation. Building on a preceding tri-frequency study that identified 13.56 MHz as the preferred RFID band for the intended application, this work develops a shaft-compatible NFC antenna-reader platform and evaluates its electromagnetic behaviour from bench-top reference media to five-layer tissue-equivalent phantoms.
METHODS: A Ø3 × 25 mm Fair-Rite Material 67 ferrite-rod antenna was designed from material and geometric parameters using finite-rod demagnetisation, inductance, resonance, and field calculations, followed by FEM cross-validation and experimental characterisation. The primary dataset comprised 480 detection distance measurements (2 media × 4 tag angles × 30 repetitions × 2 encapsulation variants). Phantom testing added 1440 measurements at 22 °C and 600 measurements at 37 °C across three fabrication batches, with the 37 °C non-coaxial subset limited to one batch.
RESULTS: The fabricated antenna measured 16.9 µH versus a 17.4 µH analytical estimate (-2.9%), with loaded Q = 23. The coaxial detection range was 16.45 ± 0.29 mm in air and 16.26 ± 0.21 mm in saline; angle was the dominant determinant of range (partial η2 = 0.989). In the multi-layer phantom, detection was 100% at 0 and 10 mm perirectal fat thickness under coaxial alignment at 22 °C, whereas performance declined markedly with angular misalignment and no detections occurred at fat thicknesses ≥ 20 mm. Across detectable phantom configurations, FEM showed r2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.81 mm, and mean bias +0.70 mm. Bare and resin-overcoated tags showed no statistically detectable range difference. Multi-tag discrimination reached 100% for up to three tags separated by ≥20 mm under coaxial alignment, but deteriorated with angular misalignment.
CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates a physics-informed route from antenna miniaturisation to measured system performance, and defines the present operating envelope under controlled bench and tissue-equivalent phantom conditions. The electromagnetic measurements apply to the antenna-electronics subassembly; integrated-shaft, multi-prototype, multi-operator, ex vivo, and in vivo validation remain necessary before clinical performance can be determined.
METHODS: A Ø3 × 25 mm Fair-Rite Material 67 ferrite-rod antenna was designed from material and geometric parameters using finite-rod demagnetisation, inductance, resonance, and field calculations, followed by FEM cross-validation and experimental characterisation. The primary dataset comprised 480 detection distance measurements (2 media × 4 tag angles × 30 repetitions × 2 encapsulation variants). Phantom testing added 1440 measurements at 22 °C and 600 measurements at 37 °C across three fabrication batches, with the 37 °C non-coaxial subset limited to one batch.
RESULTS: The fabricated antenna measured 16.9 µH versus a 17.4 µH analytical estimate (-2.9%), with loaded Q = 23. The coaxial detection range was 16.45 ± 0.29 mm in air and 16.26 ± 0.21 mm in saline; angle was the dominant determinant of range (partial η2 = 0.989). In the multi-layer phantom, detection was 100% at 0 and 10 mm perirectal fat thickness under coaxial alignment at 22 °C, whereas performance declined markedly with angular misalignment and no detections occurred at fat thicknesses ≥ 20 mm. Across detectable phantom configurations, FEM showed r2 = 0.994, RMSE = 0.81 mm, and mean bias +0.70 mm. Bare and resin-overcoated tags showed no statistically detectable range difference. Multi-tag discrimination reached 100% for up to three tags separated by ≥20 mm under coaxial alignment, but deteriorated with angular misalignment.
CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates a physics-informed route from antenna miniaturisation to measured system performance, and defines the present operating envelope under controlled bench and tissue-equivalent phantom conditions. The electromagnetic measurements apply to the antenna-electronics subassembly; integrated-shaft, multi-prototype, multi-operator, ex vivo, and in vivo validation remain necessary before clinical performance can be determined.