PhD Theses Defended in Croatia (1992-2023): A Retrospective Analysis of Trends, Institutional Contributions, and Data Collection Challenges.

OBJECTIVE

This study analyzed PhD theses defended in Croatia between 1992 and 2023, with the aim of examining national trends, institutional contributions, disciplinary patterns, and data-related challenges.

METHODS

This retrospective time-trend study utilized the administrative data obtained from the Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Data on the number of defended PhD theses were collected by year, university, and school/department. Linear regression models were applied to assess temporal trends at both the national and institutional levels.

RESULTS

A total of 17,578 PhD theses were defended in Croatia between 1992 and 2023. The national output increased substantially, reaching a peak of 1,338 theses in 2012, followed by a subsequent decline and a gradual recovery. The University of Zagreb accounted for 74.8% of all defended theses, followed by the Universities of Osijek, Rijeka, and Split. Across institutions, the medical, economic, and engineering faculties were the most productive. Linear regression analyses demonstrated statistically significant upward trends at both the national level and across all major public universities. Collectively, medical schools produced 18% of all theses, with newer institutions, particularly those in Split and Osijek, exhibiting later but consistent growth. However, notable data inconsistencies were observed, including non-standardized institutional nomenclature, variable data granularity, and discrepancies among official reports.

CONCLUSION

Croatia's PhD output expanded markedly after 2000, reflecting the maturation and expansion of its higher education system. Regional universities and medical schools substantially increased their contributions, indicating national academic growth. Sustained institutional support will be essential to sustain progress and foster disciplinary development.