Pneumococcal vaccination offer and schedules in adults in EU countries: An update.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of illness and death among both young and older populations in Europe. Although all EU countries have established childhood vaccination programs, adult vaccination policies vary widely. This study analyzed pneumococcal vaccination strategies for adults across the 27 EU member states, using data collected up to December 2024 from official sources such as ECDC, WHO, and national health websites. Data were compiled and independently reviewed by two researchers, with final validation by a senior expert. Results indicate that 23 countries (85.2%) have implemented adult vaccination programs. However, substantial differences exist regarding vaccine types, targeted groups, and the extent of recommendation or obligation. Vaccination is advised for healthy adults aged 65 years and older in 21 countries and for at-risk individuals in 17. While 21 countries recommend it, 6 do not provide public funding. These discrepancies highlight the need for harmonized and more comprehensive adult vaccination strategies in Europe.