Evidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) susceptibility among big felids in Namibia: leopards (Panthera pardus) and lions (Panthera leo).

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe zoonotic disease caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), primarily transmitted by Hyalomma ticks. The virus has been detected in a wide range of domestic and wild animals, contributing to its persistence in endemic regions. However, felids of the Panthera genus have not been previously investigated in this context. The present study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of CCHFV antibodies in leopards (Panthera pardus; n=250; 1997-2017) and lions (Panthera leo; n=7; 2023) in Namibia using a commercial ELISA kit. CCHFV antibodies were detected in 36/250 leopards (14.40%; 95% CI: 10.59-19.29) and 3/7 lions (42.86%; 95% CI: 15.82-74.95). No tested animals had a known history of CCHFV-related clinical signs. Statistical analyses did not reveal significant temporal trends in seroprevalence. The presence of CCHFV antibodies in large felids suggests past exposure but does not confirm a definitive role in viral transmission. Further virological studies, including molecular detection and investigations of carcasses are needed to determine whether these species serve as viral reservoirs or dead-end hosts. Given the zoonotic potential of CCHFV and the role of wildlife in its epidemiology, increased surveillance is warranted. From a One Health perspective, awareness among veterinarians, caretakers, and conservationists is crucial. Vector control measures in livestock should be reinforced to limit spillover events between domestic animals, wildlife, and humans, particularly in the face of climate-driven tick expansion and the geographical spread of CCHFV.