Stakeholder perceptions of tourism's impacts on the ecological environment of island destinations based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding stakeholders' perceptions is crucial for balancing tourism growth with ecological sustainability in island destinations characterized by fragile environments and limited resources. This study intends to update and synthesize knowledge through a systematic review and meta-analysis on stakeholders' perceived ecological impacts of island tourism. Both thematic analysis and content analysis were conducted to categorize and synthesize themes in the selected literature. The findings reveal that key stakeholders-including residents, tourists, operators, and officials-express concerns about the environmental impacts of tourism, with negative perceptions outweighing positive ones. They note negative effects such as pollution, resource depletion, and species destruction, as well as positive outcomes like increased environmental awareness and improved infrastructure. Additionally, the study further outlines three key management strategies: Enhancing stakeholder participation, adopting adaptive strategies and regulations, and strengthening long-term monitoring and evaluation systems. Finally, this study presents a conceptual framework that connects stakeholder perceptions with management responses, aiming to assess the ecological impacts of tourism on island environments. By integrating diverse stakeholder perspectives, this study advances the discourse on insular ecological conservation and tourism governance, providing valuable insights for more effective and sustainable development strategies.