Non-small cell lung cancer and tumor-educated platelets: screening of biomarkers and construction of a prognostic model.

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for effective early detection strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) provides a unique perspective on tumor pathogenesis, focusing on concepts such as "long-term stasis leading to accumulation". Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) offer potential as biomarkers due to their ability to reflect cancer heterogeneity and facilitate less invasive diagnostic approaches. This study aims to identify TEP-related prognostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to construct and validate a multigene prognostic model by integrating platelet transcriptomic data with tumor tissue datasets.

METHODS

We performed comprehensive analysis of gene expression datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repositories to characterize transcriptomic differences among lung cancer specimens, normal tissue samples, and TEPs. Using R software, we identified Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and subsequently applied a multi-stage analytical pipeline to TEP-associated DEGs, incorporating univariate Cox proportional hazards regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, multivariate Cox regression, and stepwise regression modeling to pinpoint genes with prognostic significance. These prognostically relevant genes served as the foundation for developing a risk stratification model. We computed individual risk scores across both training and validation cohorts, enabling patient stratification into high- and low-risk categories. Model robustness was assessed through internal cross-validation and external validation procedures, while predictive performance was quantified using risk calibration metrics and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

RESULTS

Through systematic bioinformatics screening, we identified a four-gene prognostic signature comprising NELL2, C4orf48, PRAM1, and KLHL35, which served as the foundation for developing our risk stratification algorithm. Rigorous internal cross-validation and external cohort validation substantiated the moderate predictive performance of this signature. Comprehensive clinicopathological correlation analysis revealed that elevated risk indices, advanced pathological staging (stage III-IV), increased primary tumor dimensions, regional lymph node metastasis, and distant organ dissemination each demonstrated statistically significant associations with diminished overall survival (OS) outcomes in lung cancer patients. The clinical nomogram exhibited acceptable calibration, with calibration plots showing reasonable concordance between predicted and observed survival probabilities across all time points. Discriminative capacity assessment via time-dependent ROC analysis yielded area under the curve (AUC) values consistently surpassing 0.6, confirming moderate prognostic discrimination. Furthermore, decision curve analysis (DCA) demonstrated that our integrated multi-gene model conferred potential net clinical benefit compared to individual prognostic variables across the full spectrum of clinically relevant threshold probabilities (0-1 range), thereby establishing its potential utility for risk-informed clinical decision-making.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified NELL2, C4orf48, PRAM1, and KLHL35 as candidate TEP-related prognostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The developed prognostic model shows preliminary potential for patient stratification, but its clinical application, particularly as a platelet-based liquid biopsy tool, requires further validation in independent TEP-based cohorts.