Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026
Pharmacotherapy of the spleen and stomach in Li Shizhen's Bencao Gangmu (Compendium of materia medica, 1596): a text-statistical analysis of 994 entries and a bridge to modern pharmacology.
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Sun Wan
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Bencao Gangmu (, 1596), Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, is among the most comprehensive pre-modern compilations of East Asian materia medica, yet the full-text distribution of its content on the spleen-stomach (pi-wei ) system, the digestive functional axis of Chinese medicine, has never been systematically quantified or mapped onto modern pharmacological evidence.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To construct a reproducible text-statistical inventory of all spleen- and stomach-related entries in Bencao Gangmu; to characterize the resulting pharmacopoeia by plant identity, taste-nature (qi-wei), channel tropism (gui-jing), declared function, indication and preparation form; and to relate the most frequently recorded botanical drugs to current pharmacological evidence on gastrointestinal disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Jinling (1596) edition was searched in full text for pi (), wei () and pi-wei (). Candidate hits were adjudicated by two reviewers against predefined inclusion criteria (Cohen's κ = 0.84) and coded into a relational dataset (drug, taste-nature, channel tropism, function, indication, preparation). Plant identities were authenticated against World Flora Online and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2025) and reported under the ConPhyMP framework.
RESULTS: Of 994 retained entries, 703 specified a concrete drug or therapy. The most frequent botanical drugs were Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Baizhu, n = 26), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Shengjiang, n = 25) and Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Cangzhu, n = 20). Sweet (n = 16), warm (n = 15) and slightly-cold (n = 14) taste-natures dominated; channel tropism converged on the spleen (32%) and the spleen-stomach pair (26%); the leading functions were spleen-tonifying (n = 46) and qi-replenishing (n = 41); the leading indication was fan-wei (food regurgitation, n = 108). Decoction accounted for 79% of preparation records and medicinal porridge (yao-zhou) for 11%.
CONCLUSION: Bencao Gangmu codifies a balanced spleen-stomach pharmacotherapy prioritizing sweet-warm tonification counterweighted by a deliberate cooling-draining arm. The leading botanical drugs converge on phytochemical leads, including atractylenolides, gingerols/shogaols, atractylodin/β-eudesmol, berberine and processed-Pinellia alkaloids, with documented effects on gastrointestinal motility, mucosal protection, gut-microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory activity, providing a reproducible bridge between classical Chinese materia medica and contemporary ethnopharmacology.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To construct a reproducible text-statistical inventory of all spleen- and stomach-related entries in Bencao Gangmu; to characterize the resulting pharmacopoeia by plant identity, taste-nature (qi-wei), channel tropism (gui-jing), declared function, indication and preparation form; and to relate the most frequently recorded botanical drugs to current pharmacological evidence on gastrointestinal disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Jinling (1596) edition was searched in full text for pi (), wei () and pi-wei (). Candidate hits were adjudicated by two reviewers against predefined inclusion criteria (Cohen's κ = 0.84) and coded into a relational dataset (drug, taste-nature, channel tropism, function, indication, preparation). Plant identities were authenticated against World Flora Online and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2025) and reported under the ConPhyMP framework.
RESULTS: Of 994 retained entries, 703 specified a concrete drug or therapy. The most frequent botanical drugs were Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (Baizhu, n = 26), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Shengjiang, n = 25) and Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (Cangzhu, n = 20). Sweet (n = 16), warm (n = 15) and slightly-cold (n = 14) taste-natures dominated; channel tropism converged on the spleen (32%) and the spleen-stomach pair (26%); the leading functions were spleen-tonifying (n = 46) and qi-replenishing (n = 41); the leading indication was fan-wei (food regurgitation, n = 108). Decoction accounted for 79% of preparation records and medicinal porridge (yao-zhou) for 11%.
CONCLUSION: Bencao Gangmu codifies a balanced spleen-stomach pharmacotherapy prioritizing sweet-warm tonification counterweighted by a deliberate cooling-draining arm. The leading botanical drugs converge on phytochemical leads, including atractylenolides, gingerols/shogaols, atractylodin/β-eudesmol, berberine and processed-Pinellia alkaloids, with documented effects on gastrointestinal motility, mucosal protection, gut-microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory activity, providing a reproducible bridge between classical Chinese materia medica and contemporary ethnopharmacology.