Review of the Influences of Sex Differences on Health and Disease: What Is the Role of Journals?

➢ Sex-based differences are understudied, which has potential consequences for the health of everyone.➢ Women's health is particularly affected given a lack of sex-specific data across many disease states.➢ Journals do not consistently require the inclusion of both sexes and the disaggregation of data by sex in cell, animal model, and human studies.➢ Instructions for investigators and journals regarding the inclusion of sex-specific data are found in guidelines such as those by the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) group, but these guidelines are underutilized.➢ Consistency in the inclusion of both sexes in studies (except in studies on diseases affecting only 1 sex), as well as in the disaggregation and reporting of results by sex, has the potential to improve health for all people.