PloS one · 2026
Sports facilities as substitutes for exercise-induced well-being: Evidence from four-wave CFPS panel data.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Wang Yang, Wang Liman
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The relationship between sports participation and psychological well-being is well-documented, yet empirical evidence regarding the moderating role of community sports facilities remains inconclusive. This study tests whether facilities amplify or attenuate the well-being returns to exercise, using four-wave panel data from China (CFPS 2014, 2018, 2020, 2022).
METHODS: Linear regression models with individual fixed effects were constructed using China Family Panel Studies data (CFPS 2014, 2018, 2020, and 2022; the 2016 wave was excluded because its happiness item reached only 2.5% of adults). The analytical sample comprised 71,326 observations from 23,818 individuals. Self-rated happiness (0-10 scale) was regressed on binary exercise participation, community sports facility count (0-5+), and their interaction, controlling for age and log household income. Robustness was tested via instrumental variable estimation (community mean exercise rate) and propensity score matching.
RESULTS: Exercise positively predicted happiness (β = +0.074, p < 0.001) in the baseline fixed-effects model. The exercise × facility interaction was directionally consistent with the substitution hypothesis but not statistically significant (β = -0.022, p = 0.075). Marginal exercise effects declined from +0.095 in zero-facility communities (p < 0.001) to non-significance where three or more facility types were available. Instrumental variable estimation results (first-stage F = 3231.25; second-stage β = -0.158, p = 0.117). The IV estimate did not reach statistical significance, providing limited evidence on treatment effect heterogeneity. Four-wave balanced panel estimates confirmed the baseline finding (β = +0.074, p < 0.01). CES-D mediation accounted for only approximately 4.6% of the total effect.
CONCLUSIONS: Exercise benefits subjective well-being most where community sports facilities are least available-a directionally consistent substitution pattern. Facility investment may yield greater marginal returns when targeted at underserved communities.
METHODS: Linear regression models with individual fixed effects were constructed using China Family Panel Studies data (CFPS 2014, 2018, 2020, and 2022; the 2016 wave was excluded because its happiness item reached only 2.5% of adults). The analytical sample comprised 71,326 observations from 23,818 individuals. Self-rated happiness (0-10 scale) was regressed on binary exercise participation, community sports facility count (0-5+), and their interaction, controlling for age and log household income. Robustness was tested via instrumental variable estimation (community mean exercise rate) and propensity score matching.
RESULTS: Exercise positively predicted happiness (β = +0.074, p < 0.001) in the baseline fixed-effects model. The exercise × facility interaction was directionally consistent with the substitution hypothesis but not statistically significant (β = -0.022, p = 0.075). Marginal exercise effects declined from +0.095 in zero-facility communities (p < 0.001) to non-significance where three or more facility types were available. Instrumental variable estimation results (first-stage F = 3231.25; second-stage β = -0.158, p = 0.117). The IV estimate did not reach statistical significance, providing limited evidence on treatment effect heterogeneity. Four-wave balanced panel estimates confirmed the baseline finding (β = +0.074, p < 0.01). CES-D mediation accounted for only approximately 4.6% of the total effect.
CONCLUSIONS: Exercise benefits subjective well-being most where community sports facilities are least available-a directionally consistent substitution pattern. Facility investment may yield greater marginal returns when targeted at underserved communities.