[Re-evaluation of the etiology and diagnosis of persistent periapical periodontitis].

The professional terms "persistent apical periodontitis" and "refractory apical periodontitis" are both used to describe clinical cases that periapical lesions fail to heal after root canal therapy. Both share similarities and differences in terms of their connotations, pathogenesis, treatment methods, and prognosis. Using suitable term to describe this type of disease has always been a dilemma in clinical practice, scientific research, or academic exchanges. Based on extensive literature searches, clinical research findings and experience, this paper systematically analyzes the reasons for the formation of these two terms and their clinical significance, providing guidance for clinicians to understand and manage this type of disease, and to use the medical terminology accurately.