Reproducibility in biomedical research.

Reproducibility has long been considered a foundation of trustworthy science, yet practices that enable reproducible research remain inconsistently implemented, despite widespread awareness and establishment of policies and guidelines. Biomedical research that cannot be reproduced can lead to resource waste and adversely impact patient safety, public health outcomes, scientific progress and public trust. Rapid advances in technology, scientific dissemination and clinical translation have prompted renewed emphasis on validating research methods and findings to ensure transparency, rigor and credibility. Here we provide an overview of the current landscape of reproducible research in the biomedical sciences, summarize current efforts to harmonize terminology and implementation, and highlight the persistent barriers to adoption of best practices. We outline a practical framework to promote more uniform implementation and explore future directions for advancing reproducibility across stakeholders in the research process, including researchers, institutions, journals and funders.