Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR · 2026
AI Latency, Report Turnaround Time, and Adoption in a Multi-Vendor AI Ecosystem: A Multi-Site Observational Study.
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Morozov Sergey, Heracleous Natalie, Korka Diana, Thouly Cyril, Dufour Benoît, Novarina Octave, Rizk Benoît
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate infrastructure latency, workflow, and radiologist sentiment across a 4.5-year, multi-vendor AI implementation program in a 20-center outpatient radiology network.
METHODS: Three retrospective cohorts: a technical cohort (96,874 examinations; Sep 2023-Sep 2025) for PACS-to-PACS latency and temporal alignment of 10 AI tools from 7 vendors; a report turnaround time (TAT) analysis cohort (20,909 examinations; Mar-Aug 2025) comparing TAT between AI-available and concurrent non-AI workflows by Mann-Whitney U; and a survey cohort (58 radiologists; two waves 2025) for adoption, Likert-scale perceptions, and Net Promoter Score (NPS).
RESULTS: Active AI adoption was 91.4% (53/58), with 66% (35/53) reporting regular use. Median total latency was 2.06 minutes [interquartile range 1.74-3.05], 72% of which attributable to data routing. The "Too Late" rate (AI result arriving after report finalization) was 7.2% overall, ranging from 3.0% for knee MRI to 13.2% for chest CT. After adjustment for radiologist (linear mixed-effects models), AI availability was associated with lower median TAT for trauma radiography (-26%) and knee MRI (-18%; both p<0.001); brain volumetry MRI showed no significant change (+9.2%; p=0.33). In exploratory analysis, NPS declined for chest CT (+38 to -3) and aorta CT (+22 to -25), nominally significant before multiple-comparison correction.
DISCUSSION: Multi-vendor AI at scale was associated with measurable TAT gains in high-volume modalities. Infrastructure latency, not algorithm speed, was the primary barrier to clinical utility. At ∼23-25% annualized cost of one radiologist full-time equivalent (FTE) salary, the program generated 0.69 FTE of capacity through trauma radiography alone (0.46 FTE after radiologist-adjusted sensitivity analysis).
METHODS: Three retrospective cohorts: a technical cohort (96,874 examinations; Sep 2023-Sep 2025) for PACS-to-PACS latency and temporal alignment of 10 AI tools from 7 vendors; a report turnaround time (TAT) analysis cohort (20,909 examinations; Mar-Aug 2025) comparing TAT between AI-available and concurrent non-AI workflows by Mann-Whitney U; and a survey cohort (58 radiologists; two waves 2025) for adoption, Likert-scale perceptions, and Net Promoter Score (NPS).
RESULTS: Active AI adoption was 91.4% (53/58), with 66% (35/53) reporting regular use. Median total latency was 2.06 minutes [interquartile range 1.74-3.05], 72% of which attributable to data routing. The "Too Late" rate (AI result arriving after report finalization) was 7.2% overall, ranging from 3.0% for knee MRI to 13.2% for chest CT. After adjustment for radiologist (linear mixed-effects models), AI availability was associated with lower median TAT for trauma radiography (-26%) and knee MRI (-18%; both p<0.001); brain volumetry MRI showed no significant change (+9.2%; p=0.33). In exploratory analysis, NPS declined for chest CT (+38 to -3) and aorta CT (+22 to -25), nominally significant before multiple-comparison correction.
DISCUSSION: Multi-vendor AI at scale was associated with measurable TAT gains in high-volume modalities. Infrastructure latency, not algorithm speed, was the primary barrier to clinical utility. At ∼23-25% annualized cost of one radiologist full-time equivalent (FTE) salary, the program generated 0.69 FTE of capacity through trauma radiography alone (0.46 FTE after radiologist-adjusted sensitivity analysis).