Frontiers in public health · 2026
Association between sunlight exposure and risk of rheumatic diseases: a prospective cohort study in the UK.
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Pu Yang, Chen Jingru, Zhou Linpeng, Zhang Yangchang, Zhi Yihan, Ding Lingli, Gan Yu, Chen Li, Li Chengyin, Wu Bin
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between sunlight exposure and the risk of three major rheumatic diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis [RA], and gout) in a large-scale prospective cohort.
METHODS: Data were derived from the UK Biobank (a nationwide prospective cohort in the United Kingdom), including 363,873 participants followed up from 2006 to 2022. Sunlight exposure was assessed by self-reported average daily outdoor time in summer and winter. Incident SLE, RA, and gout were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes from linked hospital records. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, restricted cubic splines, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate associations.
RESULTS: During the 13-year follow-up, 335 SLE, 5,591 RA, and 7,485 gout cases were ascertained. Compared with sunlight exposure of 2.5 h/day, both lower and higher sunlight exposure were associated with increased risks of SLE (< 2.5 h/day: HR = 1.71, 95% CI:1.13, 2.59; >2.5 h/day: HR = 1.75, 95% CI:1.17, 2.63). We also observed increased risk associations of higher sunlight exposure with RA (HR = 1.15, 95% CI:1.06, 1.26) and gout (HR = 1.09, 95% CI:1.02, 1.18). Subgroup analyses suggested an age-related difference in the association between sunlight exposure and gout after Bonferroni correction (adjusted p value = 0.014).
CONCLUSION: Sunlight exposure was associated with disease-specific risks of SLE, RA, and gout.
METHODS: Data were derived from the UK Biobank (a nationwide prospective cohort in the United Kingdom), including 363,873 participants followed up from 2006 to 2022. Sunlight exposure was assessed by self-reported average daily outdoor time in summer and winter. Incident SLE, RA, and gout were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes from linked hospital records. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, restricted cubic splines, subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate associations.
RESULTS: During the 13-year follow-up, 335 SLE, 5,591 RA, and 7,485 gout cases were ascertained. Compared with sunlight exposure of 2.5 h/day, both lower and higher sunlight exposure were associated with increased risks of SLE (< 2.5 h/day: HR = 1.71, 95% CI:1.13, 2.59; >2.5 h/day: HR = 1.75, 95% CI:1.17, 2.63). We also observed increased risk associations of higher sunlight exposure with RA (HR = 1.15, 95% CI:1.06, 1.26) and gout (HR = 1.09, 95% CI:1.02, 1.18). Subgroup analyses suggested an age-related difference in the association between sunlight exposure and gout after Bonferroni correction (adjusted p value = 0.014).
CONCLUSION: Sunlight exposure was associated with disease-specific risks of SLE, RA, and gout.