Journal of affective disorders · 2026
Long-term associations of pandemic depression symptom trajectories with post-pandemic depression score in times of contemporary mental health stressors.
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Doetzer J, Imboden M, Jeong A, Ammann P, Witzig Melissa, Keidel Dirk, Lovison G, Probst-Hensch Nicole
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The longer-term mental health consequences of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic in the light of contemporary stressors are insufficiently understood. In this cohort, we investigate the association of pandemic depressive symptom trajectory clusters with depression symptoms 1.5 years after the end of the pandemic, taking contemporary worries into consideration.
METHODS: COVCO Basel was implemented as a population cohort in 2020. We applied a negative binomial regression model to examine the association of post-pandemic DASS-21 derived depression scores obtained in 2023/2024 (outcome) with depressive symptom trajectory clusters derived from densely spaced questionnaires answered during the pandemic. Models were adjusted for principal components of worries (individual, climate, social, war, migration).
FINDINGS: Among the 13% of N = 4245 participants reacting strongly with depression symptoms during the pandemic, 41% still exhibited at least moderate depression in 2023/2024. Compared to the "not affected" pandemic depression trajectory cluster, belonging to the "moderately affected" or "highly affected" cluster was associated with 1.4 (standard error: 0.05; p < 0.001) and 2.3 (0.07; p < 0.001) higher post-pandemic depression scores.
INTERPRETATION: A considerable subgroup of the population had persistently high level of depressive symptoms, identifiable by their mental health reaction during the pandemic. Their timely psychological counselling potentially averts a path towards clinical depression.
METHODS: COVCO Basel was implemented as a population cohort in 2020. We applied a negative binomial regression model to examine the association of post-pandemic DASS-21 derived depression scores obtained in 2023/2024 (outcome) with depressive symptom trajectory clusters derived from densely spaced questionnaires answered during the pandemic. Models were adjusted for principal components of worries (individual, climate, social, war, migration).
FINDINGS: Among the 13% of N = 4245 participants reacting strongly with depression symptoms during the pandemic, 41% still exhibited at least moderate depression in 2023/2024. Compared to the "not affected" pandemic depression trajectory cluster, belonging to the "moderately affected" or "highly affected" cluster was associated with 1.4 (standard error: 0.05; p < 0.001) and 2.3 (0.07; p < 0.001) higher post-pandemic depression scores.
INTERPRETATION: A considerable subgroup of the population had persistently high level of depressive symptoms, identifiable by their mental health reaction during the pandemic. Their timely psychological counselling potentially averts a path towards clinical depression.