The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026
Effects of exercise timing and metabolic state on post-exercise energy intake and appetite-a randomized crossover trial.
СтатьяРандомизированное исследованиеНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Höchsmann Christoph, Hechenbichler Figueroa Sieglinde, Saller Mona, Frodl Anne, Nusser Valentin, Koehler Karsten
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Exercise timing and metabolic state influence post-exercise energy balance, yet their combined effects remain incompletely understood.
OBJECTIVES: To disentangle the effects of time of day (morning compared with evening) and nutritional state (fasted compared with fed) on post-exercise energy intake and appetite.
METHODS: In a randomized crossover design, 35 healthy young adults completed 3 fasted exercise conditions: morning after a 12 h overnight fast (12 h AMEx) and evening after a 12 h (12 h PMEx) or 6-h fast. A subsample (n = 17) additionally completed fed morning and fed evening exercise. Each session was 30 min of treadmill running at 65% V̇O2peak. Substrate oxidation was quantified by indirect calorimetry, acute energy intake via an ad libitum test meal, and 24-h intake by weighed food records. Appetite was assessed before and after exercise. Linear mixed models were used throughout.
RESULTS: Relative to morning (12 h AMEx), evening fasted exercise (12 h PMEx) increased acute intake by 400 kcal [95% confidence interval (CI): 286, 515 kcal] and 24-h intake by 547 kcal (95% CI: 335, 759 kcal; both P < 0.001). Shortening the pre-exercise fast from 12 to 6 h before evening exercise attenuated acute but not 24-h intake. Hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were higher, and fullness lower, after evening than morning exercise, mirroring intake. Fat oxidation was greater during fasted and evening exercise conditions; 12 h PMEx exceeded 12 h AMEx by 0.77 kcal/min (95% CI: 0.37, 1.17 kcal/min; P < 0.001). Pre-exercise feeding suppressed fat oxidation but did not attenuate energy intake or appetite.
CONCLUSIONS: Evening-fasted exercise induces pronounced compensatory eating and elevated 24-h appetite, despite greater fat oxidation. Pre-exercise feeding alters substrate use but does not reduce intake, underscoring a dissociation between metabolic and behavioral regulation and the primacy of timing in post-exercise appetite control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT06947824.
OBJECTIVES: To disentangle the effects of time of day (morning compared with evening) and nutritional state (fasted compared with fed) on post-exercise energy intake and appetite.
METHODS: In a randomized crossover design, 35 healthy young adults completed 3 fasted exercise conditions: morning after a 12 h overnight fast (12 h AMEx) and evening after a 12 h (12 h PMEx) or 6-h fast. A subsample (n = 17) additionally completed fed morning and fed evening exercise. Each session was 30 min of treadmill running at 65% V̇O2peak. Substrate oxidation was quantified by indirect calorimetry, acute energy intake via an ad libitum test meal, and 24-h intake by weighed food records. Appetite was assessed before and after exercise. Linear mixed models were used throughout.
RESULTS: Relative to morning (12 h AMEx), evening fasted exercise (12 h PMEx) increased acute intake by 400 kcal [95% confidence interval (CI): 286, 515 kcal] and 24-h intake by 547 kcal (95% CI: 335, 759 kcal; both P < 0.001). Shortening the pre-exercise fast from 12 to 6 h before evening exercise attenuated acute but not 24-h intake. Hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption were higher, and fullness lower, after evening than morning exercise, mirroring intake. Fat oxidation was greater during fasted and evening exercise conditions; 12 h PMEx exceeded 12 h AMEx by 0.77 kcal/min (95% CI: 0.37, 1.17 kcal/min; P < 0.001). Pre-exercise feeding suppressed fat oxidation but did not attenuate energy intake or appetite.
CONCLUSIONS: Evening-fasted exercise induces pronounced compensatory eating and elevated 24-h appetite, despite greater fat oxidation. Pre-exercise feeding alters substrate use but does not reduce intake, underscoring a dissociation between metabolic and behavioral regulation and the primacy of timing in post-exercise appetite control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT06947824.