Biomechanical differences between novice and experienced runners: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND

Running offers substantial physical and psychological health benefits, however, novice runners experience a markedly higher incidence of running-related injuries than experienced runners. Differences in biomechanical characteristics between these groups contributed to this elevated risk, but findings remain inconsistent and need to be synthesized. This study aims to synthesize evidence on biomechanical differences between novice and experienced runners.

METHODS

A systematic search was conducted to identify studies published between 2004 and December 2025. Fourteen eligible studies (n = 457 runners) were included for analysis. Data were extracted on study characteristics, definitions of running experience, biomechanical variables, and the risk of bias was assessed using the NIH tool.

RESULTS

Included studies consistently reported that novice runners exhibited greater spatiotemporal variability, larger joint ranges of motion along with weaker proximal muscle control, poorer coordination, and lower dynamic stability compared with experienced runners. However, inconsistencies were observed in knee kinematic findings, particularly in knee flexion-extension and ankle motion patterns.

CONCLUSIONS

Novice runners exhibit less stable and less coordinated gait patterns, reflecting reduced neuromuscular control and higher injury susceptibility. Standardized, multidimensional definitions of running experience and more rigorous biomechanical protocols are needed to clarify these mechanisms and guide targeted injury-prevention strategies.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=607126, identifier CRD42024607126.