European journal of applied physiology · 2026
Applying ischemic preconditioning prior to endurance training improves hematological profile and performance in long-distance runners.
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Loukas Ioannis, Stergiopoulos Dimitrios, Sotiridis Alexandros, Koskolou Maria, Geladas Nickos
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Ιschemic preconditioning is well-accepted to improve exercise capacity and performance. The purpose of this study was to examine whether ischemic preconditioning performed prior to endurance training in a long-term fashion enhances physiological adaptations and performance.
METHODS: Sixteen male distance runners (age: 34.1 ± 5.1 yrs, VO2max: 55.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. Training consisted of two high-intensity interval sessions (90-100% VO2max) and three continuous sessions (70-80% VO2max) per week for eight weeks. Participants were divided into two groups of similar fitness level. Before interval training the ischemic preconditioning group (ISC, n = 8) underwent 3 × 5 min total blood flow occlusion in each leg (applied external pressure using cuffs: 250mmHg), while the control group (CON, n = 8) underwent the same protocol but without pressure being applied. Pre and post training VO2max, hematological profile, and blood pessure was evaluated, while a field-specific test of 5 × 1000 m with 2 min break was executed.
RESULTS: Training increased VO2max (p < 0.01) in both groups (ISC: 3.92 ± 0.1 vs. 4.22 ± 0.1 L/min, CON: 3.94 ± 0.20 vs. 4.05 ± 0.19 L/min) but the increase was higher in ISC (training group x time interaction p = 0.001). Post training average running time during the 5 × 1000 m test was faster in ISC than CON (ISC: 211 ± 3 vs. 200 ± 4 s, CON: 210 ± 4 vs. 205 ± 5 s) (training group x time interaction p = 0.020). Pre versus post values in ISC compared to CON showed a more pronounced increase in blood volume (ISC: 4887 ± 448 vs. 5415 ± 438 ml, CON: 4788 ± 489 vs. 5103 ± 517 ml) (training group x time interaction p = 0.012) and plasma volume (ISC: 2663 ± 309 vs. 3114 ± 271 ml, CON: 2620 ± 306 vs. 2912 ± 246 ml) (training group x time interaction p = 0.009). Moreover, there was a training effect (p < 0.05) for hemoglobin mass and red cell volume without differences between groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The intervention of ischemic preconditioning prior to interval training may enhance physiological adaptations mainly through hematological alterations and, thus, improve athletic performance.
METHODS: Sixteen male distance runners (age: 34.1 ± 5.1 yrs, VO2max: 55.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. Training consisted of two high-intensity interval sessions (90-100% VO2max) and three continuous sessions (70-80% VO2max) per week for eight weeks. Participants were divided into two groups of similar fitness level. Before interval training the ischemic preconditioning group (ISC, n = 8) underwent 3 × 5 min total blood flow occlusion in each leg (applied external pressure using cuffs: 250mmHg), while the control group (CON, n = 8) underwent the same protocol but without pressure being applied. Pre and post training VO2max, hematological profile, and blood pessure was evaluated, while a field-specific test of 5 × 1000 m with 2 min break was executed.
RESULTS: Training increased VO2max (p < 0.01) in both groups (ISC: 3.92 ± 0.1 vs. 4.22 ± 0.1 L/min, CON: 3.94 ± 0.20 vs. 4.05 ± 0.19 L/min) but the increase was higher in ISC (training group x time interaction p = 0.001). Post training average running time during the 5 × 1000 m test was faster in ISC than CON (ISC: 211 ± 3 vs. 200 ± 4 s, CON: 210 ± 4 vs. 205 ± 5 s) (training group x time interaction p = 0.020). Pre versus post values in ISC compared to CON showed a more pronounced increase in blood volume (ISC: 4887 ± 448 vs. 5415 ± 438 ml, CON: 4788 ± 489 vs. 5103 ± 517 ml) (training group x time interaction p = 0.012) and plasma volume (ISC: 2663 ± 309 vs. 3114 ± 271 ml, CON: 2620 ± 306 vs. 2912 ± 246 ml) (training group x time interaction p = 0.009). Moreover, there was a training effect (p < 0.05) for hemoglobin mass and red cell volume without differences between groups.
CONCLUSIONS: The intervention of ischemic preconditioning prior to interval training may enhance physiological adaptations mainly through hematological alterations and, thus, improve athletic performance.