Uncovering the Latent Components of Physical Performance in Professional Soccer: Evidence from the Turkish First Division.

Background: Physical performance in soccer is usually described through isolated indicators such as total distance or sprint frequency, which may overlook the broader structure of match demands. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the latent components of physical performance in professional soccer and to examine how they vary across playing positions. Methods: External load data were collected from 446 outfield players competing in the Turkish first division during the 2021-2022 season, using optical tracking technology. Distances covered at different speed thresholds and maximal speed were analyzed through principal component analysis. Factor scores were compared across positions using non-parametric tests. Results: Three components of physical performance emerged: (1) moderate-intensity running (2-5.5 m/s, inverse to low-speed activity), (2) high-intensity running (>5.5 m/s), and (3) sprint capacity (maximal speed). Central midfielders recorded the highest values in moderate-intensity running, wingers and wing backs excelled in high-intensity running, while sprint capacity was most strongly associated with wingers. Conclusions: The findings provide a more integrated understanding of soccer's physical demands, moving beyond single indicators to reveal broader performance dimensions. This framework can support coaches, analysts, and scouts in player profiling, training design, and rehabilitation planning, while emphasizing the need for position-specific physical preparation.