European journal of applied physiology · 2025
Acute physiological responses during repeated sprint training with maximum end-expiratory breath-holds.
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Raberin Antoine, Citherlet Tom, Carletta Marco, Franchi Niccolò, Manferdelli Giorgio, Millet Grégoire P
Аннотация
PURPOSE: Repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) performed with voluntary hypoventilation at low lung volumes (RSH-VHL) has been proposed as an alternative to RSH. Recently, repeated sprint training combined with end-expiratory breath hold until the breaking point (RSH-UBP) has been suggested as a more effective stimulus. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological responses of repeated sprint training in normoxia (RSN), RSH-VHL and RSH-UBP. We hypothesized that RSH-UBP would induce greater hypercapnic and hypoxemic stress compared to the other conditions and therefore greater physiological responses.
METHODS: Ten healthy active men participated in three repeated sprint exercise sessions on ergocycle. Pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2), muscle oxygenation, cardiac hemodynamics, and total work were continuously monitored throughout the protocol.
RESULTS: Time spent below 96% SpO2 was higher in both RSH-VHL and RSH-UBP than in RSN (82 ± 66 s and 74 ± 57 s vs. 11 ± 14 s, P = 0.039). Contradictory, PETCO2 was higher in RSH-VHL and RSH-UBP than in RSN (33.6 ± 4.2 and 32.9 ± 3.5 vs. 27.8 ± 4.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). Total work was lower in RSH-UBP than in RSH-VHL and RSN (33.1 ± 5.8 vs. 46.5 ± 5.7 and 47.4 ± 6.0 kJ, p < 0.001) despite a higher mean power in RSH-UBP. Amplitude in the muscle deoxygenation-reoxygenation cycle was lower during RSH-UBP (p < 0.045). There was no difference in stroke volume or cardiac output between the three conditions.
CONCLUSION: Overall, RSH-VHL emerged as the most effective condition for inducing large hypercapnic and hypoxemic stimuli while maintaining the training load during repeated sprint training, whereas RSH-UBP succeeded in inducing similar hypercapnic and hypoxic stress with shorter sprint durations.
METHODS: Ten healthy active men participated in three repeated sprint exercise sessions on ergocycle. Pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 pressure (PETCO2), muscle oxygenation, cardiac hemodynamics, and total work were continuously monitored throughout the protocol.
RESULTS: Time spent below 96% SpO2 was higher in both RSH-VHL and RSH-UBP than in RSN (82 ± 66 s and 74 ± 57 s vs. 11 ± 14 s, P = 0.039). Contradictory, PETCO2 was higher in RSH-VHL and RSH-UBP than in RSN (33.6 ± 4.2 and 32.9 ± 3.5 vs. 27.8 ± 4.2 mmHg, p < 0.001). Total work was lower in RSH-UBP than in RSH-VHL and RSN (33.1 ± 5.8 vs. 46.5 ± 5.7 and 47.4 ± 6.0 kJ, p < 0.001) despite a higher mean power in RSH-UBP. Amplitude in the muscle deoxygenation-reoxygenation cycle was lower during RSH-UBP (p < 0.045). There was no difference in stroke volume or cardiac output between the three conditions.
CONCLUSION: Overall, RSH-VHL emerged as the most effective condition for inducing large hypercapnic and hypoxemic stimuli while maintaining the training load during repeated sprint training, whereas RSH-UBP succeeded in inducing similar hypercapnic and hypoxic stress with shorter sprint durations.