Does the economy influence dynamic green exposure? A comparative study of spatial heterogeneity in visible greenery during running between high-and low-income groups.

Visible Green Space during Running (VGSR) has a significant impact on physical and mental health. However, current studies mostly focus on the green environment of specific static locations (such as residential areas and parks) from a spatial perspective, without fully addressing the issue of equitable access to green resources for dynamic groups with different socioeconomic characteristics. This study utilized running trajectory data to identify runners' trajectories and quantified the visible green environment and green landscape patterns within their running spaces. Based on property value quantiles (25 % and 75 %), the population was divided into different economic groups. The study explored the differences in visible green environments experienced by runners of varying economic levels and identified potential green environment solutions. The findings revealed the following: (1) Spatial heterogeneity exists in the equitable distribution of VSG during running across different income groups, showing a nonlinear numerical relationship and threshold effects with green landscapes; (2) Compared to micro-scale green morphology, macro-scale landscape pattern factors had a greater impact on VSG; (3) For lower-income groups, strategically planned artificial greenery and highly connected green spaces improved visible green environments during running; and (4) In higher-income groups, most indicators showed a weak negative correlation, but metrics such as patch density and Shannon's evenness index had positive effects at low threshold levels, and rhythmically spaced small green spaces in cities helped increase VSG during running. This study contributes to reducing the uncertainties caused by perceived or actual green resource inequalities in socioeconomic contexts.