Models and perspectives of addiction. Implications for treatment.

The absence of consistent scientific evidence concerning the etiology and basic characteristics of alcoholism and other addictions has created ambiguity and uncertainty. These serve to foster and perpetuate the conflicts that inform the various theoretical perspectives and associated beliefs held by professionals in the addictions field. Addiction is more than a toxic state, a criminal offense, a disease, a mental health problem, or an unhealthy habit. It is also a social problem that affects every aspect of life--physical, psychological, and interpersonal. Given this fact, it is unlikely that one perspective can sufficiently guide the treatment of addicted clients. Thus, care of addicted clients must be based on a model of health-illness that is inclusive and flexible, yet distinct and relevant. Such a model must accommodate the reality that health or illness is the outcome of multiple personal characteristics that interact with a host of interdependent factors within the larger social environment. Nurses, because of their holistic and client-centered focus, are uniquely prepared to provide care to addicted clients.