Journal of epidemiology · 2026
Income-related differences in nutritional adequacy by household composition, focusing on the presence of children: A cross-sectional study of Japanese adults.
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Tanaka Kotone, Ogura Mei, Tsubota-Utsugi Megumi, Tomata Yasutake, Nishioka Daisuke
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic disparities influence diet quality, but it remains unclear how income-related differences in nutritional adequacy vary by household composition, particularly the presence of children. We examined income-related differences in nutritional adequacy among Japanese adults.
METHODS: We analyzed data from 7,265 adults aged 20-79 years from the 2014 and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys. Nutritional adequacy was assessed using a composite score based on dietary reference intakes. Household income was categorized as <2 million JPY, 2-<6 million JPY, or ≥6 million JPY. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate sex-specific associations, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors.
RESULTS: Lower income was associated with lower nutritional adequacy (p for trend < 0.001), and these associations persisted after adjustment. Income-related gradients were observed in both households with and without children and were steeper among households with children, with the lowest nutritional adequacy scores observed among low-income households with children. In contrast, patterns were less apparent among older women and individuals living alone.
CONCLUSIONS: Income-related differences in nutritional adequacy were observed across Japanese adults and varied according to household composition. These findings suggest that household context, particularly the presence of children, may modify income-related patterns in dietary quality.
METHODS: We analyzed data from 7,265 adults aged 20-79 years from the 2014 and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys. Nutritional adequacy was assessed using a composite score based on dietary reference intakes. Household income was categorized as <2 million JPY, 2-<6 million JPY, or ≥6 million JPY. Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate sex-specific associations, adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health factors.
RESULTS: Lower income was associated with lower nutritional adequacy (p for trend < 0.001), and these associations persisted after adjustment. Income-related gradients were observed in both households with and without children and were steeper among households with children, with the lowest nutritional adequacy scores observed among low-income households with children. In contrast, patterns were less apparent among older women and individuals living alone.
CONCLUSIONS: Income-related differences in nutritional adequacy were observed across Japanese adults and varied according to household composition. These findings suggest that household context, particularly the presence of children, may modify income-related patterns in dietary quality.