Environmental research · 2026
Socioeconomic inequalities in residential greenness: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
СтатьяСистематический обзорМетаанализНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Cekrezi Shkelzen, Martinez-Andres María, Notario-Pacheco Blanca, Marcilla-Toribio Irene, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez Eva, Perez-Moreno Ana, Caraballo-Betancort Antonio Miguel, Rubio García Paula, Moratalla-Cebrian María Leopolda, Bizzozero-Peroni Bruno
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Residential greenness has been linked to multiple health benefits. However, its distribution across socioeconomic groups has not been systematically quantified.
OBJECTIVE: The aims are to: (i) characterize the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of residential greenness, as measured by NDVI, across urban populations; (ii) evaluate the consistency of these inequalities across geographic regions and investigate potential sources of between-study heterogeneity; and (iii) synthesize existing evidence to identify knowledge gaps and inform equity-oriented urban and public health policies directed toward the fair distribution of health-promoting environmental resources.
METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, WoS, Scopus and CINHAL from their inception to 22 July 2024 and updated the search on 24 December 2025. We included observational studies of predominantly urban populations (≥85% urban) that compared high versus low income and/or education in relation to residential greenness, as assessed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The DerSimonian and Laird method were used for pooling standardized mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses by geographic region and NDVI buffer size were conducted.
RESULTS: Twenty-six studies (10 cross-sectional and 16 longitudinal), including 9 411 596 participants from 14 countries, were eligible. For continuous NDVI, the highest versus lowest income groups had significantly higher NDVI (SMD = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31-0.69; seven studies), as did the highest versus lowest education groups (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13-0.56; seven studies). For categorical NDVI, higher income was associated with an increased likelihood of living in a greener neighborhood (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.32-1.81; 10 studies), while higher education was associated with a modest increase in likelihood (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.06-1.35; 15 studies). Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences by geographic region, while analyses by NDVI buffer size suggested stronger income-related differences in greenness when smaller residential buffers were used. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed across analyses.
CONCLUSIONS: Residential greenness is unequally distributed across socioeconomic strata, with higher-income and better-educated urban residents consistently residing in greener neighborhoods. These findings provide evidence relevant to environmental injustice and support the development of equity-oriented urban greening policies that prioritize socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.
OBJECTIVE: The aims are to: (i) characterize the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in the distribution of residential greenness, as measured by NDVI, across urban populations; (ii) evaluate the consistency of these inequalities across geographic regions and investigate potential sources of between-study heterogeneity; and (iii) synthesize existing evidence to identify knowledge gaps and inform equity-oriented urban and public health policies directed toward the fair distribution of health-promoting environmental resources.
METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, WoS, Scopus and CINHAL from their inception to 22 July 2024 and updated the search on 24 December 2025. We included observational studies of predominantly urban populations (≥85% urban) that compared high versus low income and/or education in relation to residential greenness, as assessed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The DerSimonian and Laird method were used for pooling standardized mean differences (SMDs) and odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses by geographic region and NDVI buffer size were conducted.
RESULTS: Twenty-six studies (10 cross-sectional and 16 longitudinal), including 9 411 596 participants from 14 countries, were eligible. For continuous NDVI, the highest versus lowest income groups had significantly higher NDVI (SMD = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31-0.69; seven studies), as did the highest versus lowest education groups (SMD = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.13-0.56; seven studies). For categorical NDVI, higher income was associated with an increased likelihood of living in a greener neighborhood (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.32-1.81; 10 studies), while higher education was associated with a modest increase in likelihood (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.06-1.35; 15 studies). Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences by geographic region, while analyses by NDVI buffer size suggested stronger income-related differences in greenness when smaller residential buffers were used. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed across analyses.
CONCLUSIONS: Residential greenness is unequally distributed across socioeconomic strata, with higher-income and better-educated urban residents consistently residing in greener neighborhoods. These findings provide evidence relevant to environmental injustice and support the development of equity-oriented urban greening policies that prioritize socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.